Investigation of three-dimensional hybrid nanofluid flow affected by nonuniform MHD over exponential stretching/shrinking plate

Abstract Hybrid nanofluids, which are formed by dispersing two solid materials in a conventional fluid, have recently attracted the attention of researchers as they able to improve thermal properties. The present article, therefore, conducts numerical analysis investigate heat transfer magnetohydrodynamic three-dimensional flow magnetic nanofluid (ferrofluid) across bidirectional exponentially stretching sheet hybrid nanofluid. Suitable similarity transformations convert conservative equations for mass, energy, and momentum into ordinary differential equations. To solve these equations, fifth-order Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method is used. findings revealed that with enhancement shape factor generation/absorption parameters, temperature over surface increased. But if this parameter decreased, profiles move towards surface. Also, when exponent go near larger means decreased rate closer prove skin friction coefficient corresponds suction/injection parameters local Nusselt number absorption/generation parameter.